%На интеграл похоже, что Н.Б. понятней было% Спасибо, конечно. Я вообще-то училась немецкому по учебнику, в котором были не только эсцеты в современных текстах, но и настоящие готические тексты, которые полагалось бегло читать. Во времена подъёма патриотизма в Германии даже газеты печатали этаким готическим шрифтом (может быть, и стилизованным, бастардным). А ещё у меня были детские книжки старинные, где был не печатный, письменный готический шрифт. Его я разбирать не научилась. А ведь книжки, судя по рисункам, предназначались для детей лет 5-7!
Strange Russian fairy tale dealing with a boy and a girl who go through the strangest situations to be with one another. The boy is transformed by a Mushroom Pixie into a bear, and almost baked by an evil witch who controls trees. The girl is given the Cinderella treatment by her mother and her sister who is jealous of her long braided hair. Jack Frost himself doesn't appear until late in the movie.
Summary written by Jonah Falcon {jonahnynla@mindspring.com}
So theres this guy named Ivan who leaves his home and wanders around for no reason, meets a little mushroom guy who he insults, meets a cute girl, turns into a bear, changes back, marries the girl, and does a bunch of strange things like throwing clubs into the air , spanking witches, and calling just about everything in the movie "grandfather". Throw in a bunch of ugly highwaymen, even uglier witches, elves, dancing houses, walking trees, plenty of snow, and Jack Frost, who screws everything up.
Summary written by Michael Robb {jro240@airmail.net}
(continued) <...> Why folks figured they needed two varieties when they could have scraped by with one is beyond me, but we might note that having terminal and middle letterforms is not inherently any nuttier than having every sentence start with a capital letter, a comparatively recent invention.
<...> The long s became especially popular during the Italian Renaissance, <...>
The Italians often used the long s even when they should have used a short one because letters with long expressive strokes in them made for an artier-looking manuscript. Unfortunately, they also made for a manuscript that was near impossible to read, and it's probably for that reason as much as any that the use of the long s finally died out in the 19th century. The form survived in the formal German script Fraktur until Fraktur itself bit the dust after World War II. (The script had come to be associated with German militarism.) Can't say I'm sad to see it go. Spelling is enough of a crapshoot these days as it is.
Ага! А еще вот здесь написано, чуть более популярно:
Why was it popular in the 18th century to occasionally substitute the letter f (or a reasonable facsimile) for s? What were the rules of grammar concerning this usage? Was is Noah Webster who finally put an end to this abfurd practice? <...>
What you take to be an f is actually the so-called long s, also known as the medial s <...> Throughout its history, the long s has always looked a lot like the lowercase f, to the extent of having a little nubbin vaguely reminiscent of a crossbar appended to its middle sometimes. But the two letters are not otherwise related. <...> the long/medial s was supposed to be used in the middle of a word, while the terminal s was used to finish one off. (In practice this rule was somewhat haphazardly adhered to.)
Вот оно как! Это объясняет, почему в моем "Билле о правах" в середине слова используется и та, и другая буквы (to be cont'd...)
++++ Long s From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The long or medial s (ſ is a form of the minuscule letter s that was formerly used when the s occurred within or at the beginning of the word, for example ſinfulneſs ("sinfulness"). The modern letterform was called the terminal or short s.
The medial s was subject to confusion with the minuscule f, sometimes even having an f-like nub appended to its middle. The practice later died out in Roman and Italic faces by the end of the 19th century. It survived longer in the German Fraktur; the modern German letter йм (ess-tsett) is a ligature representing ſs, a fact more obvious in some typefaces than in others.
The medial s is represented in Unicode by the hexadecimal value 17F, and may be represented in HTML as ſ.
The confusion between the medial s and f has been the subject of some intentional humour, much of it involving phrases like "sucking pig", and forms the basis of Benny Hill's song "Fad-Eyed Fal" (i.e., Sad-Eyed Sal) +++
Не-е, там не готика -- там вообще рукописный каллиграфический текст, наклонный и все буковки между собой соединены. Не сильно отличается от того, чему меня когда-то в школе учили -- может, чуть более вычурный. Нестандартная "s" написана, как русская рукописная строчная "в", только вместо завершающего колечка внизу такая же длинная петля как вверху, выходящая за нижнюю линию строки.
Как мне представляется, речь идёт об имитации готического шрифта для придания документу внешних признаков вечности и незыблемости. Скорее всего, это некий вариант бастардного письма (lettera bastarde), то есть смеси готики с антиквой.
На приводятся примеры готики и, в частности, указано, что:
++ В XVII столетии бастардные шрифты нашли широкое применение во Франции. ++
У меня на купленном по случаю факсимильном издании "Билля о правах" тоже используется такая буква -- но только в тех словах, где есть двойная "s", и только вместо первой из них.
То есть, например, слова "Congress", "necessary", "issue" написаны так (f здесь - это та самая, без палочки): "Congrefs", "necefsary", "ifsue". В остальных случаях используется обычная "s".
is a form of the minuscule letter s that was formerly used when the s occurred within or at the beginning of the word, for example ſinfulneſs ("sinfulness"). The modern letterform was called the terminal or short s.